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吠陀本集

四部吠陀本集是：

《梨俱吠陀》（歌詠明論，?????? ， ?gveda ），

《娑摩吠陀》（贊頌明論，??????， Sāmaveda ），

《夜柔吠陀》（祭祀明論，????????? ， Yajurveda ），

《阿闥婆吠陀》（禳災(zāi)明論，????????， Atharvaveda ）。

四部吠陀本集中以《梨俱吠陀》最早，最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年時(shí)代，正值印度河文明的時(shí)期，雅利安人大體居住在印度的西北印度河兩岸的時(shí)期。其他三卷吠陀經(jīng)皆是《梨俱吠陀》的衍生作品，相繼成書于后，最晚集結(jié)完成的為《阿闥婆吠陀》。后三卷吠陀經(jīng)中的神曲，不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的復(fù)述，便是在它基礎(chǔ)上的發(fā)展而來。吠陀神曲有長有短，長曲是一曲多頌。短曲是一曲數(shù)頌或僅有一頌。多數(shù)頌由四句構(gòu)成，少數(shù)由三句構(gòu)成。

著作吠陀的時(shí)代被稱為印度的吠陀時(shí)期。它使用比印度梵語更為古老的語言，稱為吠陀梵語。

梵書

梵書是以散文體寫成的關(guān)于吠陀宗教使用的各種復(fù)雜祭祀的講述和討論。最重要的梵書有《百道梵書》、《愛達(dá)羅氏梵書》、《海螺氏梵書》、《牛道梵書》等。

森林書

本質(zhì)上和奧義書沒有什么區(qū)別的一類著作，據(jù)說是“隱居在林中無法從事復(fù)雜的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人”的作品。存世的森林書很少。

奧義書

神秘主義哲學(xué)的著作，不再討論祭祀（或反對祭祀）。存世數(shù)量巨大。特別重要的有《歌者奧義書》、《廣林奧義書》等。

參考文獻(xiàn)

《印度通史》，商務(wù)印書館，書號：11017·224

Apte, Vaman Shivram, The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 4th revised & enlarged, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965, ISBN 81-208-0567-4 .

Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9

Harold G. Coward. Karl Potter, 編.The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 5 . Princeton University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5.

Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain,Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature, (編) Chemla, Karine; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; 等, History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004, ISBN 9781402023200

Flood, Gavin, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-43878-0

Flood, Gavin (編), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-3251-5

Holdrege, Barbara A. Veda and Torah. SUNY Press. 1995. ISBN 0-7914-1639-9.

MacDonell, Arthur Anthony, A History of Sanskrit Literature , New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1900, OCLC 713426994 (full text online)

Mahadevan, T. M. P, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia; Dhirendra Mohan Datta, 編, History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western, George Allen & Unwin, 1952, OCLC 929704391

Michaels, Axel, Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-691-08953-1

Monier-Williams, Monier (編),Dictionary, English and Sanskrit, London: Honourable East-India Company, 1851, OCLC 5333096 (reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1-881338-58-4)

Muir, John.Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India. Williams and Norgate. 1861.

Müller, Max.Chips from a German Workshop. New York: C. Scribner"s sons. 1891. .

Patrick Olivelle.Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7.

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles A. (編), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy 12th Princeton Paperback, Princeton University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-691-01958-4

Staal, Frits, The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company, 1986

Smith, Brian K., Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and "Var?a" in Ancient Indian Texts, History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press), 1992: 103–125, doi:10.2307/1062753

Sullivan, B. M., The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Summer 1994, 62 (1): 377–401, doi:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377

Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus.Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. 2011. ISBN 978-3-11-018159-3.

Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997

Zaehner, R. C., Hindu Scriptures, London: Everyman"s Library, 1966

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