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月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論的應(yīng)用

月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論的應(yīng)用包括下列的這些項(xiàng)目：

在18世紀(jì)，月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論和觀測(cè)之間的比較，曾被以月球遠(yuǎn)地點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)用于測(cè)試牛頓萬(wàn)有引力定律；

在18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)，航海表以月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論為基礎(chǔ)，最初的航海年歷多數(shù)以月角距的方法確定在海上的經(jīng)度。

在非常早的20世紀(jì)，比較月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論和觀測(cè)被用來(lái)作為引力理論的另一種測(cè)試，用來(lái)測(cè)試 (或排除)西蒙·紐康的建議：著名的水星近日點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)差異或許可以調(diào)整牛頓萬(wàn)有引力的平方反比定律的二階參數(shù)來(lái)改進(jìn)，：(最后是廣義相對(duì)論成功的解釋差異)。

在20世紀(jì)中葉，在原子鐘發(fā)展之前，月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論和觀察被用來(lái)組合作為天文時(shí)間尺度的工具 (歷書時(shí))，以免除不規(guī)則的平太陽(yáng)時(shí)；

在20世紀(jì)末葉和21世紀(jì)初期，發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論正在使用中，結(jié)合高精度觀察，測(cè)試廣義相對(duì)論和一般物理的正確性，包括強(qiáng)等效原則、相對(duì)論重力、測(cè)地線進(jìn)動(dòng)和重力常數(shù)的恒定。

當(dāng)現(xiàn)代的方法 (像是GPS)不能使用時(shí)，月球的位置配合太陽(yáng)、明亮的行星和恒星，可以用來(lái)為船只和飛機(jī)導(dǎo)航。

歷史

月球已經(jīng)被觀測(cè)了數(shù)千年，在這些年代中，根據(jù)可用的工具，在任何時(shí)間都有各種不同程度的關(guān)注和精確度。因此月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論有相應(yīng)的悠久歷史：從巴比倫和希臘天文學(xué)家，延伸到現(xiàn)代的月球激光測(cè)距。

自古以來(lái)，對(duì)月球運(yùn)動(dòng)論和相關(guān)聯(lián)的理論有所著墨的天文學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家，包括：

巴比倫/迦勒底：Naburimannu、Kidinnu、Soudines

希臘/古希臘：喜帕恰斯、托勒密

阿拉伯：Ibn al-Shatir

歐洲，16世紀(jì)至20世紀(jì)初期：

第谷·布拉赫

開普勒

杰雷米亞·霍羅克斯

Bullialdus

約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德

艾薩克·牛頓

萊昂哈德·歐拉

亞歷克西斯·克勞德·克萊羅

讓·勒朗·達(dá)朗貝爾

Tobias Mayer

J T Bürg

P S拉普拉斯

J K Burckhardt

P A Hansen

C Delaunay

E W Brown

W J Eckert

Jean Chapront & Michelle Chapront-Touzé

并且還有其他著名的數(shù)學(xué)天文學(xué)家也做出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)，其中包括：愛德蒙·哈雷、comte de Pontécoulant;J C 亞當(dāng)斯、G W Hill、和Simon Newcomb.

這一部分的歷史可以分為三個(gè)階段：從古代到牛頓、古典 (牛頓的) 物理時(shí)期、和近代的發(fā)展。

從古代到牛頓

書目

"AE 1871":"Nautical Almanac & Astronomical Ephemeris" for 1871, (London, 1867).

E W Brown (1896),"An Introductory Treatise on the Lunar Theory", (Cambridge University Press, 1896).

E W Brown (1903),"On the verification of the Newtonian law", Monthly Notes of the Royal Astronomical Society 63 (1903), 396-397.

E W Brown (1919),"Tables of the Motion of the Moon", (New Haven, 1919).

M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront:"The lunar ephemeris ELP-2000", Astronomy & Astrophysics124 (1983), 50..62.

M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront:"ELP2000-85: a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times", Astronomy & Astrophysics190 (1988), 342..352.

M Chapront-Touzé & J Chapront,Analytical Ephemerides of the Moon in the 20th Century(Observatoire de Paris, 2002).

J Chapront , M Chapront-Touzé , G Francou:"A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements", Astronomy & Astrophysics387 (2002), 700..709.

J Chapront & G Francou:"The lunar theory ELP revisited. Introduction of new planetary perturbations", Astronomy & Astrophysics404 (2003), 735..742.

I B Cohen and Anne Whitman (1999), "Isaac Newton: The Principia, a new translation", University of California Press, 1999. (For bibliographic details but no text, seeexternal link.)

J O Dickey, P L Bender, J E Faller, and others,"Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program", Science 265 (1994), pp. 482–490.

J L E Dreyer (1906),"A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler", (Cambridge University Press, 1906) (later republished under the modified title "History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler").

W J Eckert et al., Improved Lunar Ephemeris 1952-1959: A Joint Supplement to the American Ephemeris and the (British) Nautical Almanac, (US Government Printing Office, 1954).

J Epping & J N Strassmaier (1881), "Zur Entzifferung der astronomischen Tafeln der Chaldaer" ("On the deciphering of Chaldaean astronomical tables"), Stimmen aus Maria Laach, vol.21 (1881), pp. 277–292.

"ESAE 1961": "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac" ("prepared jointly by the Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and the United States of America"), London (HMSO), 1961.

K Garthwaite, D B Holdridge & J D Mulholland (1970),"A preliminary special perturbation theory for the lunar motion", Astronomical Journal 75 (1970), 1133.

H Godfray (1885),"Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory", (London, 1885, (4th ed.)).

Andrew Motte (1729a) (translator), "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, by Sir Isaac Newton, translated into English",Volume I, containing Book 1.

Andrew Motte (1729b) (translator), "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, by Sir Isaac Newton, translated into English",Volume II, containing Books 2 and 3(with Index, Appendix containing additional (Newtonian) proofs, and "The Laws of the Moon"s Motion according to Gravity", by John Machin).

J D Mulholland & P J Shelus (1973),"Improvement of the numerical lunar ephemeris with laser ranging data", Moon 8 (1973), 532.

O Neugebauer (1975),"A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy", (in 3 volumes), (New York (Springer), 1975).

X X Newhall, E M Standish, J G Williams (1983),"DE102: A numerically integrated ephemeris of the Moon and planets spanning forty-four centuries", Astronomy and Astrophysics 125 (1983), 150.

U S Naval Observatory (2009),History of the Astronomical Almanac.

J G Williams et al. (1972) "Making solutions from lunar laser ranging data", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (1972), 4Q, 267.

J.G.Williams, S.G.Turyshev, and D.H.Boggs,"Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity", Physical Review Letters, 93 (2004), 261101.

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