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生平

現(xiàn)代對(duì)修昔底德的生平所知不多。最可靠的資料來自他的著作《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)》。在書中，他闡述了他的國籍、父親和出生地方。修昔底德在書中告訴我們，他參加了伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)斗，曾經(jīng)得過黑死病和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失利被流放。 流放時(shí),收集資料記載希臘內(nèi)戰(zhàn),《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史》，共八卷，一百多萬字，尚未完成就被暗殺。

修昔底德陷阱（Thucydides Trap）

由美國政治學(xué)家格雷厄姆．艾利森（Graham T. Allison）提出的詞匯，指一個(gè)新崛起的大國必然要挑戰(zhàn)現(xiàn)存大國，而現(xiàn)存大國也必然來回應(yīng)這種威脅，這樣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)變得不可避免。這一概念來自修昔底德的名言“使戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不可避免的真正原因是雅典勢(shì)力的增長和因而引起斯巴達(dá)的恐懼”（What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta.）

參考資料和延伸閱讀

主要來源

Herodotus, Histories , A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920). ISBN 978-0-674-99133-0.

Pausanias, Description of Greece , Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). ISBN 978-0-674-99104-0..

Plutarch, Lives , Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. (1914). ISBN 978-0-674-99053-1.

Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War . London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910)..

其他來源

Cochrane, Charles Norris, Thucydides and the Science of History, Oxford University Press (1929).

Connor, W. Robert, Thucydides . Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984). ISBN 978-0-691-03569-7.

Dewald, Carolyn. Thucydides" War Narrative: A Structural Study . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-520-24127-5).

Forde, Steven, The ambition to rule : Alcibiades and the politics of imperialism in Thucydides . Ithaca : Cornell University Press (1989). ISBN 978-0-8014-2138-9.

Hanson, Victor Davis, A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War . New York: Random House (2005). ISBN 978-1-4000-6095-5.

Hornblower, Simon, A Commentary on Thucydides . 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon (1991-1996). ISBN 978-0-19-815099-2 (vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-19-927625-7 (vol. 2).

Hornblower, Simon, Thucydides . London: Duckworth (1987). ISBN 978-0-7156-2156-1.

Kagan, Donald. (2003). The Peloponnesian War . New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-03211-2.

Luce, T.J., The Greek Historians . London: Routledge (1997). ISBN 978-0-415-10593-4.

Momigliano, Arnaldo, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography. Sather Classical Lectures, 54 Berkeley: University of California Press (1990).

Meyer, Eduard, Kleine Schriften (1910), (Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte).

Orwin, Clifford, The Humanity of Thucydides . Princeton: Princeton University Press (1994). ISBN 978-0-691-03449-2.

Romilly, Jacqueline de, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism . Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1963). ISBN 978-0-88143-072-1.

Rood, Tim, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation . Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998). ISBN 978-0-19-927585-4.

Russett, Bruce. Grasping the Democratic Peace. Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-691-03346-4.

de Sainte Croix, The origins of the Peloponesian War (1972). London: Duckworth. 1972. Pp. xii, 444.

Strassler, Robert B, ed. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War . New York: Free Press (1996). ISBN 978-0-684-82815-2.

Strauss, Leo, The City and Man Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964.

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