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歷史背景

1034年，馬爾科姆的曾外祖父馬爾科姆二世（肯尼思之子馬爾科姆，Máel Coluim mac Cináeda）駕崩，馬爾科姆的父親鄧肯一世（克里南之子鄧肯，Donnchad mac Crínáin）作為馬爾科姆二世的外孫繼位為蘇格蘭國(guó)王。據(jù)后來(lái)為威廉·莎士比亞創(chuàng)作戲劇《麥克白》帶來(lái)靈感的編年史作者富爾頓的約翰所述，馬爾科姆的母親是諾森布里亞伯爵希華的一個(gè)侄女， 但一份早期的國(guó)王列表中給她取了蓋爾語(yǔ)名蘇珊。 其他的來(lái)源資料稱，無(wú)論是女兒或是侄女都年齡太小而不適合結(jié)婚，因此，鄧肯的母親是希華自己的妹妹西比爾更可靠些，西比爾的名字轉(zhuǎn)化成蓋爾語(yǔ)可能為蘇珊。

鄧肯統(tǒng)治很不得人心，1040年8月15日鄧肯在與麥克白塔德（芬萊克之子，Mac Bethad mac Findlaích） 交戰(zhàn)時(shí)被后者殺死。盡管莎士比亞的戲劇《麥克白》 將馬爾科姆描述成了一個(gè)成年男子并把鄧肯描述成了一位老者，但到鄧肯被殺害時(shí)，馬爾科姆還很幼小， 馬爾科姆和弟弟唐納德·班（Domnall Bán）都還只是孩子。 1045年，馬爾科姆的家人試圖推翻麥克白塔德，但馬爾科姆的祖父鄧凱爾德的克里南在嘗試中被打死。

鄧肯死后不久，他兩個(gè)年幼的兒子被送往安全的地方 —到底被送到哪里是爭(zhēng)論的議題。根據(jù)一種版本所述，馬爾科姆（年齡大約9歲）被送往英格蘭， 他的弟弟唐納德·班被送往小島。 基于富爾頓的約翰所述，人們認(rèn)為馬爾科姆在麥克白塔德長(zhǎng)達(dá)十七年的統(tǒng)治中，他在英格蘭王國(guó)艾德沃德三世的宮廷里度過(guò)。

根據(jù)另一個(gè)版本，馬爾科姆的母親帶著兩個(gè)兒子去奧克尼伯爵索芬·西古德松的宮廷流亡，也許是鄧肯的婚姻，使得奧克尼伯爵與麥克白塔德為敵。

1054年，英國(guó)軍隊(duì)在諾森布里亞伯爵希華的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下入侵蘇格蘭。以將"坎布里亞國(guó)王之子馬爾科姆"推上王位為目的。該馬爾科姆歷來(lái)被認(rèn)為就是后來(lái)的馬爾科姆三世。 這種解釋源于十四世紀(jì)富爾頓的約翰的蘇格蘭編年史，以及早期來(lái)源資料如馬姆斯伯里的威廉的記述。 后者報(bào)道稱麥克白塔德同希華作戰(zhàn)時(shí)被殺死，但事實(shí)上希華死在麥克白早死了兩年。 A.A.M.鄧肯2002年在著作中，用《盎格魯-撒克遜編年史》作為其辯論的事實(shí)依據(jù)，認(rèn)為后世歷史學(xué)家竟天真的把"馬爾科姆"和后來(lái)成為蘇格蘭國(guó)王的馬爾科姆三世當(dāng)成一個(gè)人。 鄧肯的說(shuō)法隨后得到了數(shù)個(gè)當(dāng)代歷史學(xué)專家的贊同，例如理查德·奧拉姆、道韋特·布羅恩和亞歷克斯·伍爾夫等。 也有人認(rèn)為，那個(gè)馬爾科姆是不列顛斯特拉思克萊德國(guó)王歐文二世之子。 那個(gè)馬爾科姆的母親可能是蘇格蘭國(guó)王馬爾科姆二世的女兒。

1057年的各種編年史報(bào)告稱在1057年8月15日，麥克白塔德在阿伯丁郡隆發(fā)南死于馬爾科姆之手。 麥克白塔德的繼承人是他的繼子盧拉赫，他大約在1057年9月8日在斯昆加冕為王。 。1058年3月23日，“眾叛親離”的盧拉赫在亨特利附近被馬爾科姆殺死。在此之后，馬爾科姆成為國(guó)王。據(jù)富爾頓的約翰記述，馬爾科姆可能在1058年4月25日加冕。

一些未翻譯的非現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)已進(jìn)行隱藏，歡迎參與翻譯。 馬爾科姆和因加 Late medieval depiction of Máel Coluim III with MacDuib ("MacDuff"), from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower"s Scotichronicon . If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm"s earliest actions as King may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward"s kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before fromHungary. If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning King of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 whenLindisfarnewas plundered. Equally, Malcolm"s raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm"s control by 1070. The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson. Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058. The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm"s descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan"s descendants, the Meic Uilleim. Malcolm"s son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga . He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg. Malcolm"s marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match. Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm"s death. 馬爾科姆和瑪格麗特 此為在一本16世紀(jì)紋章圖書(shū)中有關(guān)馬爾科姆和瑪格麗特的插圖。請(qǐng)注意在此二位身上的盾形紋章。在馬爾科姆身上的是一只蘇格蘭之獅，雖然將獅子與蘇格蘭聯(lián)系起來(lái)是一世紀(jì)后，從其曾孫獅子王威廉時(shí)代才開(kāi)始的。在瑪格麗特身上的是其伯公懺悔者愛(ài)德華的紋章，但這紋章被證實(shí)是在中世紀(jì)后期偽造出來(lái)的。 Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor"s nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar ?theling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots. In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward"s son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William"s position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric"s possessions were concentrated. Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar"s sister Margaret of Wessex, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland. The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots Regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and áed. The point of naming Margaret"s sons, Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly the elected king, Edgar ?theling, was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy"s grasp on power was far from secure. Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon Royal name—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne. In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade. Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach"s son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078: Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of M?lsl?htan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty. Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.

馬爾科姆和威廉·魯弗斯

英格蘭國(guó)王(1087年–1100年在位)“紅毛”威廉·魯弗斯

威廉·魯弗斯在他父親去世后不久成為英格蘭國(guó)王，馬爾科姆沒(méi)有干預(yù)羅貝爾的叛亂。在1091年，威廉·魯弗斯 沒(méi)收愛(ài)德加在英格蘭的土地后愛(ài)德加逃離北上蘇格蘭。 5月，馬爾科姆南下，并沒(méi)有掠奪襲擊，但圍攻羅貝爾在1080年建成的紐卡斯?fàn)?。這似乎是一個(gè)為了促進(jìn)邊境南部的特維德河 向蒂斯河推進(jìn)。這對(duì)英格蘭的威脅足以讓一直和羅貝爾·柯索斯戰(zhàn)斗的威廉·魯弗斯返回諾曼底。在9月，威廉·魯弗斯率軍回師，馬爾科姆撤回英國(guó)北部。這次不像在1072年馬爾科姆準(zhǔn)備攻打英格蘭，但由于羅貝爾·柯索斯和埃德加的干擾，馬爾科姆不得不稱承認(rèn)英格蘭的地位。

在1092年，和平被打破。威廉·魯弗斯想要得到坎布里亞郡的領(lǐng)土，于是準(zhǔn)備率領(lǐng)農(nóng)民去攻打。但是幾乎不可能成功，馬爾科姆牢牢地控制著坎布里亞，威廉·魯弗斯以坎布里亞是他父親征服者威廉的他應(yīng)該順理成章的得到。馬爾科姆派使者來(lái)討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題，威廉·魯弗斯同意會(huì)談。馬爾科姆南下格洛斯特，在威爾頓修道院 來(lái)看望他的女兒伊迪絲和嫂子克里斯蒂娜。馬爾科姆在1093年8月24日來(lái)到了會(huì)談的地點(diǎn)，威廉·魯弗斯卻拒絕談判，堅(jiān)決要得到坎布里亞。馬爾科姆拒絕接受，并立即回到了蘇格蘭。

威廉魯弗斯想要挑起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)， 但是，盎格魯-撒克遜記載戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)來(lái)臨：

馬爾科姆和他的繼承人愛(ài)德華都參加了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)， 在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在，諾森比亞的蘇格蘭人滿目瘡痍。

死亡

馬爾科姆率軍向北進(jìn)攻之時(shí)，被諾森比亞伯爵 羅伯特·德·諾布雷擊中，他的土地已經(jīng)滿目瘡痍，1093年11月13日在阿尼克 附近被阿爾科·莫雷爾在巴姆伯格堡殺死。這次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史稱阿尼克之戰(zhàn). 馬爾科姆之子愛(ài)德華在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中也身受重傷不久就死了。 阿爾斯特編年史記載：

馬爾科姆的尸體被送往泰恩茅絲修道院 安葬。他的兒子亞歷山大統(tǒng)治時(shí)將他到北遷葬，可能葬在鄧弗姆林修道院，也可能葬在 伊俄納島。

在1250年6月19日，教宗英諾森四世封馬爾科姆第二任妻子瑪格麗特為圣人?，敻覃愄氐倪z體被挖出遷往鄧弗姆林修道院安葬。馬爾科姆和瑪格麗特葬在一起。

子女

馬爾科姆和因加有三個(gè)兒子：

長(zhǎng)子鄧肯二世，蘇格蘭國(guó)王

次子唐納德，死于1094年

三子馬爾科姆，死于1085年

馬爾科姆和瑪格麗特有六個(gè)兒子，兩個(gè)女兒：

四子愛(ài)德華，1093年被殺害

五子愛(ài)德蒙

六子埃塞雷德，鄧凱爾德修道院院長(zhǎng)

七子埃德加王，蘇格蘭國(guó)王

八子亞歷山大一世，蘇格蘭國(guó)王

長(zhǎng)女蘇格蘭的伊迪絲，也叫瑪?shù)贍栠_(dá)，嫁英格蘭國(guó)王亨利一世

次女蘇格蘭的瑪麗，嫁布洛涅伯爵尤斯塔斯三世

九子大衛(wèi)一世，蘇格蘭國(guó)王

一些未翻譯的非現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)已進(jìn)行隱藏，歡迎參與翻譯。 小說(shuō)中的描寫(xiě) Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth . He is the son of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the second scene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tells them how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth’s castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he is seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the troupes to hide behind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. In Act 5.8 he watches the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siward and Ross. When eventually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as king. The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of two historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Malcolm Canmore"s Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay. Both focus on court life inDunfermline, and the Margaret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter novel covers events to 1093, ending with Malcolm"s death. Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part series "City of Stone" in Disney"s Gargoyles , as an antagonist of Macbeth. After witnessing his father Duncan"s death, the young Canmore swears revenge on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulthood, he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ancestor of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through the centuries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy and Neil Dickson as an adult.

祖先

蘇格蘭的馬爾科姆三世的先祖

參考文獻(xiàn)

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