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概念

1971年威廉·杰森·摩根發(fā)表了地幔熱柱理論。理論中，地幔中的對(duì)流緩慢地將熱從地核攜帶至地表?，F(xiàn)在我們知道，有兩種對(duì)流過(guò)程負(fù)責(zé)地球內(nèi)部的熱交換：板塊構(gòu)造與地幔熱柱。前者由冷卻的巖石圈地殼沉入軟流圈來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)，當(dāng)海洋地殼隱沒(méi)，軟流圈會(huì)被動(dòng)地于中洋脊涌升而達(dá)平衡。后者由地核、地幔熱交換來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)，熱物質(zhì)沿細(xì)柱上升，并將熱帶離地核。地幔熱柱通常獨(dú)立于，板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)。

1970年代早期模擬地幔熱柱的流體力學(xué)模型顯示，熱柱由兩個(gè)部分組成：呈長(zhǎng)細(xì)柱狀，底端連至地幔底部，頂端則膨大成球狀并隨上升而膨脹，整體就像有著細(xì)長(zhǎng)柄的蘑菇。頂端呈蕈狀是因?yàn)榧?xì)柱的熱物質(zhì)上升速度較熱柱本體快，使物質(zhì)累積于頂端所致。1980年代晚期至1990年代早期的模型顯示，球狀頂上升膨脹時(shí)可能會(huì)挾帶入周?chē)能浟魅ξ镔|(zhì)。

當(dāng)熱柱頂?shù)诌_(dá)巖石圈底，會(huì)開(kāi)始攤平并因減壓而大規(guī)模熔融形成玄武巖巖漿。這些巖漿可能會(huì)于短時(shí)間內(nèi)大量噴發(fā)至地表（短于一百萬(wàn)年），于大陸地殼形成洪流玄武巖，于海洋地殼則形成海底高原。洪流玄武巖的例子如印度的德干玄武巖與拉治馬哈玄武巖，亞洲的西伯利亞玄武巖、峨嵋山玄武巖，加拿大卑詩(shī)省的卡爾馬森層，南非的卡露玄武巖，南極洲的費(fèi)勒粗玄巖（原與卡露連接），南美洲的巴拉那玄武巖與非洲的艾坦德卡玄武巖（此兩者在南大西洋形成前為一個(gè)玄武巖區(qū)），北美洲的哥倫比亞河玄武巖。和熱柱有關(guān)聯(lián)的海底高原包括西南太平洋的昂東爪哇高原，印度洋的曼尼海根高原。

熱柱尾端的細(xì)柱仍會(huì)繼續(xù)上升，并于固定位置不斷地提供巖漿，也就是熱點(diǎn)。當(dāng)上方巖石圈移動(dòng)，熱點(diǎn)噴發(fā)會(huì)形成火山鏈，方向平行于板塊移動(dòng)。經(jīng)典例子為太平洋的夏威夷-帝王島鏈。

大陸的洪流玄武巖噴發(fā)常與大陸張裂、分離有關(guān)（如埃塞俄比亞玄武巖與東非大裂谷），因而產(chǎn)生了地幔熱柱在大陸張裂與海盆形成中扮演著重要角色的假說(shuō)。因此亦可見(jiàn)一些自洋脊兩側(cè)延伸的火山鏈（如在南大西洋、冰島）或?qū)ΨQ(chēng)的玄武巖區(qū)（如東南格陵蘭玄武巖）。

熱柱形成

微熱柱

地核的作用

證據(jù)

成鏈狀的火山軌跡

稀有氣體和同位素

地球物理上的異常

地球化學(xué)

可能的熱柱地點(diǎn)

礦脈的關(guān)連

其他解釋熱點(diǎn)的模型

參考文獻(xiàn)

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