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名字來源

  于南極拍攝的照片，可能就是埃迪卡拉紀(jì)時(shí)南極陸地上的樣子

埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物群因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)于南澳大利亞的埃迪卡拉山而得名。1946年，一位澳洲地質(zhì)學(xué)家（Reg Sprigg）在古代的沙巖板中留意到一曾在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)顯生宙以前的化石。研究這些化石的科學(xué)家（Martin Glaessner）認(rèn)為這是珊瑚、水母和蠕蟲的先驅(qū)。以下幾十年，南澳大利亞還找到很多的隱生宙化石，其他各大洲也找到一些。這些化石都叫作埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物。一開始，人們認(rèn)為埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物是寒武紀(jì)的動(dòng)物，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)的觀察，埃迪卡拉化石比寒武紀(jì)還久遠(yuǎn)，應(yīng)屬于埃迪卡拉紀(jì)。

本紀(jì)曾被一些人稱為 震旦紀(jì) （Sinian） 。震旦紀(jì)的名稱來源于中國，“震旦”是中國的古稱。由于古印度人稱中國為Cinisthana，在佛經(jīng)中被譯為震旦，故名震旦紀(jì)時(shí)至今日，中國學(xué)者仍經(jīng)常這么稱呼，中國教科書上一直稱此紀(jì)為震旦紀(jì)。俄國人又把埃迪卡拉紀(jì)稱為 文德紀(jì) ，他們?cè)谶@一時(shí)期的地層中又發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些古線蟲動(dòng)物的化石。

埃迪卡拉生物群

 狄更遜水母為埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物群中較著名的種類

埃迪卡拉生物群（ 英語： Ediacaran biota ）是1946年發(fā)現(xiàn)于澳大利亞南部埃迪卡拉（ 英語： Ediacara ）山地的末遠(yuǎn)古系龐德石英巖中的化石群，這類化石群已在世界30多個(gè)地點(diǎn)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

特征

埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物和今天的大多數(shù)動(dòng)物不同，它們既沒頭、尾、四肢，又沒嘴巴和消化器官，因此它們大概只能從水中攝取養(yǎng)份。大多的埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物固著在海底，和植物十分相近，其他的則平躺在淺海處，等待營養(yǎng)順?biāo)鞫蜕祥T來。埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物化石出土越多，反而越?jīng)]有規(guī)律。有幾種化石比較像后來動(dòng)物的先驅(qū)。

例子

加尼亞蟲（學(xué)名： Charnia ）、斯瓦特蟲（ Swartpuntia ）、狄更遜水母（ Dickinsonia ）、古線蟲（ Paleolina ）、皺節(jié)蟲（ Sabellidites ）等

雖然在埃迪卡拉紀(jì)出現(xiàn)了很多的生物，但在埃迪卡拉紀(jì)末期，埃迪卡拉動(dòng)物分成兩支，它們有的成功演化成更有活力，更具進(jìn)攻性的動(dòng)物，有的則走向滅亡。而它們的特征也永遠(yuǎn)消失于歷史舞臺(tái)上。

末期滅絕事件

參見

埃迪卡拉生物群

參考資料

書目

A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

Knoll, A. H.; Walter, MR; Narbonne, G. M; Christie-Blick, N (2004). "A new period for the geologic time scale". Science 305 (5684): 621–622.

Knoll, A. H., Walter, M. R., Narbonne, G. M., and Christie-Blick, N. (2006). "The Ediacaran Period: A new addition to the geologic time scale". Lethaia 39 : 13–30.

"Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth"s history—the first in 120 years". London: BBC. 2004-05-17. Accessed 27 December 2010.

"South Australian Museum Newsletter April 2005" Accessed 9 August 2010.

B. M. Sokolov (1952). "On the age of the old sedimentary cover of the Russian Platform". Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya eologicheskaya 5 : 21–31.

Sokolov, B.S. (1997). "Essays on the Advent of the Vendian System." 153 pp. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. (in Russian)

Sokolov B. S. (1965) "Abstracts of All-Union Symposium on Paleontology of the Precambrian and Early Cambrian." Nauka, Novosibirsk.

Rozanov, A.Y., Missarzhevskij, V.V., Volkova, N.A., Voronova, L.G., Krylov, I.N., Keller, B.M., Korolyuk, I.K., Lendzion, K., Michniak, R., Pykhova, N.G., and Sidorov, A.D. (1969). "The Tommotian Stage and the problem of the lower boundary of the Cambrian". Trudy Geologi?eskogo Instituta AN SSSR 206 : 1–380.

M. A. Fedonkin, B. S. Sokolov, M. A. Semikhatov, N. M. Chumakov (2007). "Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives". In: "The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota". Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS . August 20–31, 2007.

Khomentovsky, V. V. (2008). "The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran systems of the International stratigraphic scale". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 16 (6): 581–598.

Comments By B. S. Sokolov, M. A. Semikhatov, And M. A. Fedonkin. (2004) Appendix 2 in: "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. pp. 32–34

Bristow, T. F. and Kennedy, M. J. (2008). "Carbon isotope excursions and the oxidant budget of the Ediacaran atmosphere and ocean". Geology 36 (11): 863–866. Retrieved 2007-05-05.

Le Guerroué, E., Allen, P. A., Cozzi, A. (2006). "Chemostratigraphic and sedimentological framework of the largest negative carbon isotopic excursion in Earth history: The Neoproterozoic Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman)". Precambrian Research 146 (1–2): 68–92.

Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A., Cozzi, A., Etienne, J. L. and Fanning, C. M. (2006). "50 Myr recovery from the largest negative δ13C excursion in the Ediacaran ocean". Terra Nova 18 (2): 147–153.

Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A., Cozzi, A. (2006). "Parasequence development in the Ediacaran Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman): primary origin stratigraphic test of negative carbon isotopic ratios". Basin Research 18 (2): 205–220.

A. Ragozina, D. Dorjnamjaa, A. Krayushkin, E. Serezhnikova (2008). "Treptichnus pedum and the Vendian-Cambrian boundary". 33 Intern. Geol. Congr. August 6–14, 2008, Oslo, Norway. Abstracts. Section HPF 07 Rise and fall of the Ediacaran (Vendian) biota. P. 183.

Hoffmann, K.H.; Condon, D.J.; Bowring, S.A.; Crowley, J.L. (2004-09-01). "U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation". Geology 32 (9): 817–820.

Condon, D., Zhu, M., Bowring, S., Wang, W., Yang, A., and Jin, Y. (1 April 2005). "U-Pb Ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China" (abstract). Science 308 (5718): 95–98.

Calver, C.R.; Black, Lance P.; Everard, John L.; Seymour, David B. (2004-10-01). "U-Pb zircon age constraints on late Neoproterozoic glaciation in Tasmania". Geology 32 (10): 893–896.

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Amthor, J. E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schr?der, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert (2003). "Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman". Geology 31 : pp 431–434.

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