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歷史

起源

中世紀(jì)起，錫耶納在城鎮(zhèn)中心的廣場(chǎng)進(jìn)行各種競(jìng)賽。如多人拳擊（pugna）、馬術(shù)、斗牛（16世紀(jì)起）等多人競(jìng)賽。 14世紀(jì)起，城市開(kāi)始有分區(qū)參賽的慣例，這類在錫耶納境內(nèi)舉行的大型競(jìng)賽開(kāi)始有palii alla lunga的名稱。比賽之盛大，往往擴(kuò)及整個(gè)城市。

1590年托斯卡尼大公立法禁止斗牛賽，因此各分區(qū)改在田野廣場(chǎng)舉行其他非斗牛的競(jìng)賽。一開(kāi)始是水牛賽（bufalate），后來(lái)改為賽驢（asinate）, 此時(shí)其他地方已開(kāi)始有賽馬活動(dòng)出現(xiàn)。1633年始開(kāi)始有我們現(xiàn)在看到的賽馬（意大利文稱palio alla tonda，有別于早期的palii alla lunga）。

八月賽馬節(jié)

一開(kāi)始，每年只在七月二號(hào)舉行一次賽馬。1701年起，第二場(chǎng)賽馬節(jié)才偶爾在8月16號(hào)舉行。由于8月16號(hào)恰逢圣母升天節(jié)，因此第二場(chǎng)賽馬節(jié)常常被自動(dòng)歸類為圣母升天節(jié)的慶典之一。而之所以會(huì)訂在8月16日是因?yàn)?月14和15號(hào)已經(jīng)被廣泛認(rèn)定為圣安東尼日（意大利語(yǔ)：Processione dei Ceri）。

八月賽馬節(jié)一開(kāi)始僅作為七月賽馬節(jié)的延伸。八月賽馬節(jié)通常由七月勝利的分區(qū)出資舉行（若該區(qū)負(fù)擔(dān)得起）。1802年后，八月賽馬節(jié)改由整個(gè)城市出資舉行，不再由分區(qū)獨(dú)力承擔(dān)，八月賽馬節(jié)正式成為年年都有的節(jié)日。

第一場(chǎng)八月賽馬節(jié)舉辦于1581年8月15日。

法令限制

1792年，來(lái)自慕尼黑的執(zhí)政者巴伐利亞的薇奧蘭特（英語(yǔ)：Duchess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria）首次替錫耶納的17個(gè)分區(qū)訂定了正式的劃分界線；同時(shí)還整并了部分分區(qū)，將整個(gè)錫耶納的分區(qū)數(shù)縮減為17個(gè)。鑒于往年競(jìng)賽中發(fā)生的意外，法令于同年規(guī)定最多十個(gè)分區(qū)參賽。

十七個(gè)分區(qū)

這十七個(gè)分別為:

鷹區(qū)

毛毛蟲區(qū)

蝸牛區(qū)

貓頭鷹區(qū)

龍區(qū)

豪豬區(qū)

獨(dú)角獸區(qū)

母狼區(qū)

貝殼區(qū)

鵝區(qū)

波浪區(qū)

豹區(qū)

森林區(qū)

龜區(qū)

塔區(qū)

綿羊谷區(qū)，經(jīng)常簡(jiǎn)稱為 Montone

每一場(chǎng)比賽中, 十七分區(qū)中只有十個(gè)分區(qū)參與：去年未參賽的七個(gè)分區(qū)，其余三隊(duì)則為抽簽決定。

現(xiàn)今的比賽

第一場(chǎng)比賽于7月2日舉行，既是圣母訪親盛宴，也是當(dāng)?shù)毓?jié)日普羅旺斯諾麥當(dāng)娜的日期。第二場(chǎng)比賽是8月16日舉行的，是圣母盛宴之后的第二場(chǎng)比賽。在特殊事件（例如，阿波羅11號(hào)登陸）和重要紀(jì)念日（例如意大利統(tǒng)一百周年）之后，西南社區(qū)可能決定在5月至9月期間舉行第三次比賽。最近一次是在千禧年（公元2000年）。

比賽僅有十個(gè)隊(duì)伍，所以并非所有分區(qū)皆能上場(chǎng)比賽。去年未參賽的七個(gè)分區(qū)將優(yōu)先進(jìn)入比賽名單，再用抽簽決定其余三隊(duì)。（每年有兩次，分別于五月底及七月初）。 在預(yù)備賽結(jié)束一年后，私人業(yè)主（其中包括一些騎師）為意大利其他賽馬節(jié)提供馬廄以供挑選并聘請(qǐng)獸醫(yī)為馬匹檢查身體狀況，于比賽前三天決定十個(gè)規(guī)模相等的馬廄，并以彩票決定哪一批馬代表其分區(qū)出賽。將會(huì)舉辦六場(chǎng)預(yù)備賽用以選擇馬匹，第一場(chǎng)將于傍晚舉行，最后一場(chǎng)則結(jié)束于賽馬節(jié)開(kāi)始前的早晨。比賽期間經(jīng)常生賄賂的情形，促使各分區(qū)的選手走會(huì)密切注意對(duì)手的一舉一動(dòng)。僅允許雜種馬上場(chǎng)比賽，不能使用純種馬。

  The carroccio（英語(yǔ)：carroccio） of Siena during the Corteo Storico（英語(yǔ)：Corteo Storico） procession preceding the Palio of August 2006

The race is preceded by a spectacular pageant, the Corteo Storico（英語(yǔ)：Corteo Storico）, which includes (among many others) Alfieri, flag wavers, in medieval costumes. Just before the pageant, a squad of carabinieri on horseback, wielding swords, demonstrate a mounted charge（英語(yǔ)：charge (warfare)） around the track. They take one lap at a walk, in formation, and a second at a gallop that foreshadows the excitement of the race to come, before exiting down one of the streets that leads out of Piazza del Campo. Spectators arrive early in the morning, eventually filling the centre of the town square, inside the track, to capacity; the local police seal the entrances once the festivities begin in earnest. Seats ranging from simple bleacher（英語(yǔ)：bleacher）s to elaborate box seats（英語(yǔ)：box (theatre)） may be had for a price, but sell out long before the day of the race.

在比賽之前有個(gè)壯觀的盛會(huì)，古裝（英語(yǔ)：Corteo Storico），其中包括（在許多其他人中）Alfieri，旗幟揮舞，在中世紀(jì)的服裝。 就在賽前，卡賓槍騎兵隊(duì)揮舞著劍，在賽道周圍表演沖鋒。 他們步行一圈，形成一秒鐘，另外一個(gè)賽道，預(yù)示著比賽的興奮，然后退出了出自Piazza del Campo的一條街道。 觀眾清晨到達(dá)，最終填補(bǔ)了城市廣場(chǎng)的中心，在軌道內(nèi)，容納; 一旦慶?；顒?dòng)開(kāi)始，當(dāng)?shù)鼐骄蜁?huì)密封入口。 從簡(jiǎn)單的長(zhǎng)椅到精心制作的座椅座椅的座位可能有一個(gè)價(jià)格，但在比賽當(dāng)天很久才賣出。

七月賽馬節(jié)的下午七點(diǎn)半及八月賽馬節(jié)的下午七點(diǎn)，爆炸聲響徹整個(gè)廣場(chǎng)，向成千上萬(wàn)的圍觀者通報(bào)了比賽即將開(kāi)始。比賽將會(huì)繞著田野廣場(chǎng)奔跑三圈，the perimeter of which is covered with several inches of dirt andtuff(imported and laid for the occasion at great expense to the city) and the corners of which are protected with padded crash barriers for the occasion. The jockeys ride the horses bareback from the starting line, an area between two ropes. Nine horses, in an order only decided by lot immediately before the race starts, enter the space. The tenth, the rincorsa, waits outside. When the rincorsa finally enters the space between the ropes the starter (mossiere) activates a mechanism that instantly drops the canapo (the front rope). This process (the mossa) can take a very long time, as deals have usually been made between various contrade and jockeys that affect when the rincorsa moves - he may be waiting for a particular other horse to be well- or badly-placed, for example.

  View of the Piazza del Campo, where the Palio is run

在危險(xiǎn)的，陡峭的斜坡軌道上，騎士被允許使用他們的鞭子（意大利語(yǔ)， nerbi，拉伸的，干公牛皮）不僅為自己的馬，而且為了擾亂其他馬和騎士。事實(shí)上，是由代表他的對(duì)手的馬贏得的，而不是騎師。 獲勝者是穿過(guò)終點(diǎn)線的第一匹馬 - 一匹馬可以沒(méi)有騎手贏得勝利（一種被稱為cavallo scosso的條件）。 一匹馬也可以沒(méi)有它的裝飾頭飾（spennacchiera），雖然相反的信念也被廣泛地持有，甚至在塞內(nèi)加爾人之間。 比賽中的失敗者被認(rèn)為是馬匹是第二，而不是最后的對(duì)手。

一些未翻譯的非現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)已進(jìn)行隱藏，歡迎參與翻譯。The winner is awarded a banner of painted silk, or palio, which is hand-painted by a different artist for each race. The enthusiasm after the victory, however, is so extreme that the ceremony of attribution of the palio is quite instantaneous, being the first moment of a months-long celebration for the winning ward. There are occasional outbreaks of violence between partisans of rival contrade.There may be some danger to spectators from the sheer number of people in attendance. There have also been complaints about mistreatment of horses, injuries and even deaths, especially from animal-rights associations and even from someveterinarians. In the Palio held on 16 August 2004, the horse for the contrada of Bruco (the Caterpillar) fell and was badly trampled, as the race was not stopped despite possible additional safety risks for other horses. The horse died of its injuries, raising further complaints from animal-rights organizations.The Palio differs from "normal" horse races in that part of the game is for the wards to prevent rival contrade from winning. When a contrada fails to win, its historical enemy will celebrate that fact nearly as merrily as a victory of its own, regardless of whether adversarial interference was a deciding factor. Few things are forbidden to the jockeys during the race; for instance, they can pull or shove their fellows, hit the horses and each other, or try to hamper other horses at the start.The most successful ward is Oca, the Goose, which has won 63 races (at least according to their records, which start from 1644), followed by Chiocciola, the Snail, with 51, and Tartuca, the Tortoise, with 46. Oca is also the contrada with the most wins in recent history (from 1900 to 2010) with 21 victories, followed by Selva, the Forest, with 18, and Drago, the Dragon, with 17.Among jockeys, the most victorious of all time is Andrea Degortes（英語(yǔ)：Andrea Degortes）, nicknamed Aceto ("Vinegar"), with 14 wins (from 1964 to 1996). Angelo Meloni, nicknamed Picino (active from 1897 to 1933) has the second in the number of wins with 13 successes, and Luigi Bruschelli, nicknamed Trecciolino（英語(yǔ)：Luigi Bruschelli） (still active), has the third most of 12 wins (although he claims 13 victories, his horse won without him one year).The most successful horses were Folco and Panezio with eight wins each, followed by Topolone with seven.In recent history (from 1900 to the present), only three wards have ever succeeded in winning both the July and the August races in a single year (the term in Italian is fare cappotto). Tartuca (the Tortoise) accomplished the feat in 1933, while Giraffa (the Giraffe) won both races in 1997, with jockey Giuseppe Pes, nicknamed Il Pesse. In 2016, jockey Jonatan Bartoletti, on the mount "Preziosa Penelope", won both the July and August races for Lupa (the She-wolf).Ritual and rivalryThe Palio di Siena is more than a simple horse race. It is the culmination of ongoing rivalry and competition between the contrade. The lead-up and the day of the race are invested with passion and pride. Formal and informal rituals take place as the day proceeds, with each contrada navigating a strategy of horsemanship, alliances and animosities. There are the final clandestine meetings among the heads of the contrade and then between them and the jockeys. There is the two-hour pageant of the Corteo Storico, and then all this is crowned by the race, which takes only about 75 seconds to complete. Although there is great public spectacle, the passions displayed are still very real.The contrada that has been the longest without a victory is nicknamed nonna ("grandmother"). Civetta (the Owlet) had the title from 1979 until 2009, when it won 16 August race. Torre (the Tower) had this title for being without victory for 44 years (from 1961 to 2005), and Bruco (the Caterpillar) held the title for not winning over 41 years (from 1955 to 1996). Last nonna was Lupa (the She-Wolf), which has not had a victory since 2 July 1989, a period of 27–28 years, until July 2016, when it finally won, leaving now the nonna title to Aquila (the Eagle).Palio (Drappellone)  The drappellone banner of the Palio of 16 August 2009, painted by Giuliano GhelliThe drappellone ("banner"), or palio, known affectionately as "the rag" in Siena, is the trophy that is to be delivered to the contrada that wins the Palio.The palio is an elongated rectangular piece of silk, hand-painted by an artist for the occasion. It is held vertically on a black-and-white shaft halberd and topped by a silver plate, with two white and black plumes draped down the sides.The palio, along with the plumes, remains the property of the contrada. The plate is returned to the city of Siena before the two Palii of the following year, after the date and the name of the victorious contrada are inscribed on its back. There is one silver platter for the Palio in July and another for the August Palio. The plates are replaced approximately every ten years.The value of the banner is unique, because it represents a particular historical period of the city of Siena. The palii often reflect the symbols of the various governments that have presided at various times, including the crest of the grand duchy of Lorraine, the crest of theGrand Dukes of Tuscany, the crest of theKingdom of Savoyof Italy, symbols fromFascist Italy, and most recently, imagery of theRepublic.The process that an artist should follow in designing the palio is rigid: it must follow a precise iconography that includes some sacred symbols, as the July Palio is dedicated to the Madonna of Provenzano, and that of August to the Madonna of the Assumption. It must present the insignia of the city, those of the third part of the city, and the symbols or colors of the ten contrade participating in the race. There are, however, no limits regarding the style of the art. The palio is first presented at a press conference in the courtyard of the Podestà of the City Hall about a week before the race.The Palio runs throughout the year  A typical image of the four-day party: groups of Contrada dellaTorre (Tower)on stage singingAlthough many activities take place within each contrada, the organization of the Palio is still the largest, since it is not just in two races each year. Each time, the festival itself runs for four days of events, the preparation for which lasts all year.Beginning in early winter, the contrada leaders talk and develop strategies, making contacts with the jockeys and horse owners. These leaders prepare those who will race in the Piazza del Campo or take part in minor Palios elsewhere in nearby towns (la cosiddetta provincia) and bring them to training courses organized by the city in the spring.The full activities of the Palio start to grow in momentum towards the end of May, with the drawing of lots of the three remaining contrade that will join the seven that have won the right to race. With districts and teams outlined, contrade begin to talk about "deals" (engagement of jockeys) and "parties" (secret pacts for the win), despite not knowing which horse they will draw in the lot.About a week before the race, the palio (drappellone) itself is presented to the city, which has commissioned a local artist (in the case of the Palio of July) or internationally recognized artist (in the case of the Palio of August or a special Palio) to create the prize. Also at this time, visits occur to the horses which will be presented for the lottery.In the first of the four days of the festival, the lottery is held to select which barbero (the term for "racehorse" in the city of Siena andTuscany) will go to which contrada. The stone race track around the square is covered with a layer of dirt composed of a mixture oftuff,clayandsand. Six trials are run, during which the riders have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with their horse and with the track itself, its sounds and rhythms of the race. Although the trials are attended by many tourists and contrada members in square, barriers are mounted on the outside of the track.Among the events that mark the approach of the Palio are the rehearsal dinner, the "mass" of the jockeys and the blessing of the horse and jockey.Extraordinary PaliosAn extraordinary Palio is a third Palio which may take place during the period between May and September and is associated with events or anniversaries of major importance for the community of Siena. The last extraordinary Palio coincided with the advent of the new millennium. It was actually held on 9 September 2000 and was won bySelva (Forest), by jockey Giuseppe Pes riding on the horse Urban II. Prior to this, the last extraordinary Palio was held on 13 September 1986 to celebrate the centenary of the abolition of the Balia and Biccherna governments.In earlier times, the third Palio was a way to honor distinguished guests passing through or visiting Siena. Examples are the extraordinary Palio of 7 June 1676, during the visit to Siena of the wife of Prince Don Agostino Chigi, and that of 15 June 1673 (not considered official), honouring the visit to Siena of Cardinal Flavio Chigi（英語(yǔ)：Flavio Chigi (1631-1693)）. Even theGrand Duke of Tuscanyrequested another round of Palio, perhaps closer to the ordinary.From the second half of the 19th century, extraordinary Palios began to be organized for celebration of special events, rather than illustrious visits. This was the case of a meeting of the Society of Sciences or the inauguration of important monuments (such as the inauguration of the monument to the fallen in theBattle of CurtatoneandMontanara, on 29 May 1893). In 1896, they even ran four Palios, both ordinary and two extraordinary. The first extraordinary race was on 16 August, which is considered extraordinary because it was requested by the citizens as the original race was moved to 25 August due to transfer from Siena"s VIII Corps, and the second was on 23 September for the inauguration of the monument toGiuseppe Garibaldi.A third Palio, the "Palio of Peace", was held in 1945 by popular acclaim to celebrate the end of World War II and was won by Gioacchino Calabro riding Rubacuori su Folco, for the contrada ofDrago (Dragon). An extraordinary Palio was held in 1969 to commemorate the conquest of the moon by the Apollo 11 mission.The following years created the habit of running on the occasion of a centenary of particular importance. This is the case for 28 May 1950, the fifth centenary of the canonization ofSt. Bernardine of Siena, and 5 June 1961, the centenary of theUnification of Italy.Victories per contradaControversy and equine security measuresFor several years, the Palio has been the focus of numerous protests by animal-rights organizations, including the Anti-Vivisection League. Concerns include primarily race incidents causing falls, which in some cases have led to horses" deaths.In 2011, these concerns resulted in the Italy"s tourism minister blocking the Palio from being nominated for listing in theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.The results of calculations on the percentage of accidents caused by the Palio vary depending on who makes them. According to the Anti-Vivisection League, a total of 48 horses have died from 1970 to 2007. However, the calculations carried out by supporters of the Palio for the same period give a rate of 2.05% of fatal accidents per ride.Many rules governing the protection of animals have been developed and implemented only since the 1990s; supporters of the Palio stress that injuries have been drastically reduced since then.In recent decades, the city of Siena has adopted a series of measures to ensure the protection of horses (and riders) before, during and after the race, but these measures are still judged insufficient by some animal welfare groups, who continue to seek abolition of the race. Among the measures taken include:

圖庫(kù)

田野廣場(chǎng)擠滿了人群

賽馬進(jìn)入田野廣場(chǎng)

工作人員于比賽開(kāi)始前將繩索系緊

所有參賽者被要求在比賽前待在被分配的區(qū)域內(nèi)。

當(dāng)最后一批馬進(jìn)入賽場(chǎng)，比賽即開(kāi)始。

于2006年8月16日舉辦的錫耶納賽馬節(jié)開(kāi)賽。

2006年8月16日Alberto Ricceri（意大利語(yǔ)：Alberto Ricceri）對(duì)所屬的森林區(qū)獲勝感到欣喜。

Jonatan Bartoletti（意大利語(yǔ)：Jonatan_Bartoletti）在獲勝后親吻他的座騎Brento。

相關(guān)電影

能在以下的電影看見(jiàn)有關(guān)錫耶納賽馬節(jié)的內(nèi)容：

Palio（英語(yǔ)：Palio (film)） by Alessandro Blasetti（英語(yǔ)：Alessandro Blasetti） (1932)

La ragazza del Palio by Luigi Zampa（英語(yǔ)：Luigi Zampa） (1957)

Bianco rosso celeste – cronaca dei giorni del Palio di Siena by Luciano Emmer（英語(yǔ)：Luciano Emmer） (1963)

"The Winds Rise", the first episode of the 1983 miniseries The Winds of War（英語(yǔ)：The Winds of War (miniseries)）, ABC miniseries directed by Dan Curtis（英語(yǔ)：Dan Curtis）

Il bianco e il nero – Tutti i colori del Palio di Siena by Anton Giulio Onofri (2002)

The Last Victory by John Appel（英語(yǔ)：John Appel） (2004)

Visioni di Palio by Anton Giulio Onofri (2004)

Piazza delle Cinque Lune（英語(yǔ)：Piazza delle Cinque Lune） by Renzo Martinelli（英語(yǔ)：Renzo Martinelli） (2006)

Quantum of Solace, the 22nd James Bond movie, directed byMarc Forster(2008)

Palio（英語(yǔ)：Palio (2015 film)） by Cosima Spender（英語(yǔ)：Cosima Spender） and John Hunt (2015)

參考文獻(xiàn)

Brown, Margaret Mcdonough and Titus Buckhardt (1960). Siena, the City of the Virgin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Drechsler, Wolfgang（英語(yǔ)：Wolfgang Drechsler） (2006). "The Contrade, the Palio and the Ben Comune: Lessons from Siena", Trames 10(2), 99-125.[2]

Dundes, Alan and Alessandro Falassi (2005). La Terra in Piazza. An Interpretation of the Palio of Siena. 2 the new edn. (Orig. 1972). Siena: Nuova Immagine. (Standard work, but meanwhile very controversial because of itsFreudianinterpretation.)

Falassi, Alessandro (1985). "Palio Pageant: Siena"s Everlasting Republic", The Drama Review 29(3), 82-92.

Handelman, Don (1998). Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Silverman, Sydel (1979). "On the Use of History in Anthropology: The Palio of Siena", American Ethnologist 6(3), 413-436. (Most important counter-model to Dundes & Falassi.)

Pascal, C. Bennett (1981). "October Horse", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85, 261-291.

Spicer, Dorothy Gladys (1958). Festivals of Western Europe. Wilson.

1911 Encyclop?dia Britannica, "Siena".

Il Palio di Siena website - English Summary.

參見(jiàn)

Ansano "Ansanello" Giovannelli

Bravio delle botti（英語(yǔ)：Bravio delle botti） of Montepulciano

坐標(biāo)：43°19′06″N11°19′53″E? / ?43.31833°N 11.33139°E? / 43.31833; 11.33139Template:Siena landmarks Category:Culture of Tuscany（英語(yǔ)：Category:Culture of Tuscany）Category:Italian traditions（英語(yǔ)：Category:Italian traditions）Category:Festivals in Italy（英語(yǔ)：Category:Festivals in Italy）Category:Horse races in Italy（英語(yǔ)：Category:Horse races in Italy）Category:Tourist attractions in Tuscany（英語(yǔ)：Category:Tourist attractions in Tuscany）Category:Sport in Tuscany（英語(yǔ)：Category:Sport in Tuscany）Category:1656 establishments in the Grandy Duchy of Tuscany（英語(yǔ)：Category:1656 establishments in the Grandy Duchy of Tuscany） [[Category:August eve

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