標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏語
語域
聲調(diào)
藏文是記錄了7世紀(jì)的古典藏語語音,當(dāng)時(shí)沒有聲調(diào)。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏語有四個(gè)聲調(diào):調(diào)值為55的高平調(diào)(標(biāo)為′或 ?? )、調(diào)值為53的降調(diào)(標(biāo)為^或 ?? )、調(diào)值為12的低平調(diào)(標(biāo)為`或 ?? )、調(diào)值為14的升調(diào)(標(biāo)為ˇ或 ?? )。每個(gè)音節(jié)的聲調(diào)和該音節(jié)在7世紀(jì)的聲母和韻尾有嚴(yán)密的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,以濁輔音字母為基字的音節(jié)在當(dāng)代藏語里讀做低平調(diào),以清輔音字母為基字的音節(jié)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏語里讀做高平調(diào),以 - ? 、- ?? 、- ? 、- ?? 、- ? 、- ? 、- ?? 和 - ?? 為后加字的音節(jié),原本高平調(diào)要變?yōu)榻嫡{(diào),原本低平調(diào)要變?yōu)樯{(diào)。
輔音
藏文有30個(gè)基本單輔音字母,每個(gè)字母在7世紀(jì)的發(fā)音是輔音加元音a。在當(dāng)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏語的發(fā)音出現(xiàn)了有規(guī)律的變化,基字聲母為濁塞音、濁擦音和濁塞擦音的字母讀成相對(duì)應(yīng)的送氣清輔音。
元音
藏文有 /a/、/i/、/u/、/e/、/o/ 五個(gè)基本元音,每個(gè)無附標(biāo)的藏文字母表示元音為a的音節(jié),在字母上方加附標(biāo)- ? 表示元音為/i/的音節(jié),在字母下方加附標(biāo)- ? 表示元音為/u/的音節(jié),在字母上方加附標(biāo)- ? 表示元音為/e/的音節(jié),在字母上方加附標(biāo)- ? 表示元音為/o/的音節(jié)。
音變
在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏語中,如果一個(gè)音節(jié)以 ? /s/ 、 ? /d/ 、 ? /n/ 、 ? /l/ 為第一后加字,元音要發(fā)生音變, /a/ 讀成 /?/ , ? /o/ 讀成 /?/ , ? /u/ 讀成 /y/ ,并且 ? /s/ 、 ? /d/ 兩個(gè)后加字不發(fā)音,后加字 ? /n/ 和前面的元音合成鼻化元音。
藏語語法
藏語語法
延伸閱讀
H. A. J?schke. Tibetan–English Dictionary reprint. LONDON: Taylor and Francis. 1881: 671 [ 2011-06-30 ] . (Original from Oxford University)
Heinrich August J?schke. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. LONDON: Printed by Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881: 671 [ 2011-06-30 ] . (Original from Harvard University)
Heinrich August J?schke. Heinrich Wenzel, 編. Tibetan grammar. Volume 7 of Trübner"s collection of simplified grammars 2. LONDON: Trübner & co. 1883: 104 [ 2011-06-30 ] . (Original from Harvard University)
Graham Sandberg. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet .... Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894: 372 [ 2011-06-30 ] . (Original from Harvard University)
Heinrich August J?schke. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866: 158 [ 2011-06-30 ] . (Original from Oxford University)
Heinrich August J?schke, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3 . " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal , Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
Nicolas Tournadre and Sangda Dorje, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York:Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8 .
Sarat Chandra Das, Tibetan–English Dictionary (With Sanskrit Synonyms), Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, 2000, ISBN 81-208-1713-3 . (Reprint of the Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902 edition.)
Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7 .
Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946 .
Online Keyboard for Tibetan
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