亚洲国产区中文,国产精品91高清,亚洲精品中文字幕久久久久,亚洲欧美另类久久久精品能播放

誘發(fā)抵制的事件

1955年12月1日，在阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利，帕克斯拒絕服從公共汽車司機(jī)詹姆斯布萊克的命令，在白人座位滿后，拒絕放棄了把有色座位給白人乘客。 帕克斯不是第一個(gè)抵抗公共汽車隔離的人。 其他人也采取了類似的措施，包括1942年的Bayard Rustin，1946年的Irene Morgan，1952年的Sarah Louise Keys，以及最終成功的Browder訴Gayle 1956年訴訟的成員（Claudette Colvin，Aurelia Browder，Susie McDonald和 瑪麗·路易斯·史密斯）在蒙哥馬利因?yàn)闆]有讓出公共汽車座位而在帕克斯事件幾個(gè)月前被捕。 NAACP組織者認(rèn)為，帕克斯是用公民不服從的行為違反阿拉巴馬州隔離法而被逮后被通過法院挑戰(zhàn)的最佳候選人，盡管最終她的案件在州法院陷入困境，當(dāng)Browder訴Gayle案成功。 [4]

羅莎·帕克斯

帕克斯所乘公車的座位，1955年12月1日。

E·D·尼克松

抵制

勝利

史密森尼學(xué)會(huì)巡回展覽“聯(lián)合抵制蒙哥馬利公車運(yùn)動(dòng)的381天”，華盛頓州立歷史博物館。

事后

更多閱讀

Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women"s Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don"t Cry, and From the Mississippi Delta", Journal of Women"s History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.

Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5

Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5

Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"

Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1

Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5

King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom. ISBN 0-06-250490-8

Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7

Parks, Rosa. My Story. New York: Dial Books. 1992. 

Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. ISBN 0-14-006753-1

Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America"s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1

參考

Alabama Civil Rights Collection- Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama

Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott

Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University

The Montgomery Bus Boycott- African-American History

Montgomery Bus Boycott~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans

Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent

Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser

Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff"s Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History

Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book- 1956

Montgomery Bus Boycott DocumentsOnline collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans.

免責(zé)聲明：以上內(nèi)容版權(quán)歸原作者所有，如有侵犯您的原創(chuàng)版權(quán)請(qǐng)告知，我們將盡快刪除相關(guān)內(nèi)容。感謝每一位辛勤著寫的作者，感謝每一位的分享。